Redistributive policy deliberately changes the distribution of income, resources, or opportunity among broad social groups. Progressive taxes paired with means-tested benefits are familiar examples. These policies often produce visible conflict because political actors can frame winners and losers, although nearly every policy has some distributional effects. A benefit is not automatically redistributive merely because government pays it; the intended transfer pattern and financing matter.

Regulatory policy uses authoritative rules to shape conduct. Safety standards, pollution limits, disclosure requirements, licensing rules, and antitrust restrictions constrain or channel private activity. Regulation may impose costs and produce benefits across different groups, but its defining instrument is a rule rather than a direct transfer. Constituent policy organizes government itself by creating agencies, changing jurisdiction, or establishing procedures. It determines who has authority and how decisions will be made.

Classify the primary mechanism in the stem. A grant to build a local bridge is distributive; an income transfer funded by progressive taxation is redistributive; a maximum emissions limit is regulatory; and creation of a new commission is constituent. Real statutes can combine categories, so an exam normally asks for the dominant feature described. Do not use "self-regulatory" merely because an agency writes a rule; self-regulation usually refers to an organized profession or industry participating in governance of its members.

Video lesson: Introduction to the public policy process | US government and civics | Khan Academy