Free Energy and ATP Coupling: Worked Examples
Sugar can remain unchanged in a dry dish while yeast rapidly metabolizes dissolved sugar. A favorable overall reaction can still be slow unless a suitable reaction pathway is available. Cells use enzymes to accelerate reactions and couple energy-releasing reactions to work.
Calculating Water Potential: Formula and Worked Examples
An overly concentrated fertilizer solution can make a plant lose water despite watering. Dissolved solutes lower the water potential outside its cells. To predict the direction of water movement, you must also account for pressure inside the cells.
