Right to counsel
Chapter 22 of the CLEP American Government study guide on Effortless Math covers Right to counsel: the key terms, the core ideas, and worked examples showing how this topic is tested on the exam.
CLEP American Government, Chapter 22
Right to counsel
The Sixth Amendment right to counsel belongs to a person who has become an accused through the start of adversarial judicial proceedings, such as a formal charge or arraignment. From that point, counsel is required at trial and at critical stages where the absence of legal assistance could damage the defense. Gideon v. Wainwright requires states to appoint counsel for indigent defendants charged with felonies, and a defendant generally may not receive an actual term of imprisonment unless counsel was provided or validly waived. Appointment is not limited to having a lawyer sit silently at trial. Counsel must be available when legal choices, plea negotiations, confrontations with prosecution evidence, or other critical proceedings require professional assistance. A defendant may choose self-representation only through a knowing and intelligent waiver; the right does not permit disruptive conduct or require the court to accept an uninformed choice.
Representation must also be constitutionally effective. Under Strickland v. Washington, a claimant ordinarily must show both objectively deficient performance and a reasonable probability that the deficiency affected the outcome. Losing the case, choosing an unsuccessful strategy, or disagreeing with counsel after trial does not by itself prove ineffectiveness. Suppose a lawyer reasonably chooses not to call a cumulative witness after investigation; that strategic decision differs from failing to investigate the only available alibi through neglect. Place the right at the correct stage. The Sixth Amendment right is offense specific and attaches after formal accusation. Miranda's counsel safeguard applies during custodial interrogation and can operate before charges. Do not assume that any police contact immediately creates a Sixth Amendment right to appointed counsel. Before formal proceedings, other rules may protect the suspect, but the Sixth Amendment analysis has not necessarily begun.
Video lesson: Due Process of Law: Crash Course Government and Politics #28
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