Party control is chamber-specific. The president's party may be the congressional minority, and one party may control the House while the other controls the Senate. Committee ratios, chairmanships, floor leadership, and most agenda advantages follow the majority inside the relevant chamber.

The minority is not powerless. It can debate, offer permitted amendments, use committee positions, publicize alternatives, and—in the Senate—exploit procedures that require broader agreement. The majority's advantage is strongest in organizing the chamber; it does not guarantee passage when members defect or another institution disagrees.

Party cohesion converts numbers into procedural control, while factional disagreement can make a nominal majority fragile. Count members and identify the decision rule before predicting an outcome. An ordinary House vote, Senate cloture, veto override, and constitutional amendment each demand different coalitions.

Video lesson: Congressional Committees: Crash Course Government and Politics #7