Attribution complicates accountability. Presidents, Congress, the Federal Reserve, state governments, global events, and private markets all influence economic conditions. Voters may still use governing-party responsibility as a low-cost rule. Partisanship affects which indicators people notice and who receives credit, while campaigns contest the relevant time frame and benchmark. An association between growth and incumbent vote share supports economic voting but does not prove each voter consciously calculated an indicator.

Economic judgment mainly explains vote choice; mobilization mainly explains whether and how supporters act; efficacy concerns perceived personal competence and institutional responsiveness. They can interact: a voter angered by economic performance still may not vote without registration and contact, while mobilization can build internal efficacy. When interpreting an election, separate the economic indicator, level of evaluation, direction in time, target of blame, and participation mechanism. Economic statistics describe conditions; they do not reveal who noticed them, whom voters credited, or whether the judgment changed turnout or vote choice. Those links require behavioral evidence.

Video lesson: How Voters Decide: Crash Course Government and Politics #38