Evolution

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Hand-drawn young sparrow listens to an adult singing while goslings follow a parent, introducing inherited tendencies and learned behavior.

How Evolution Shapes Animal Behavior and Survival

A honeybee returns to its hive and performs a waggle dance that communicates a food location. The dance has inherited components, but experience observing other dancers contributes to accurate performance. It is therefore a poor example of behavior that is wholly independent of learning.

Hand-drawn bacterial populations show existing variation, selection and orange descendants becoming common, watched by a comic ammonite fossil beside an hourglass.

Evolution and Extinction: How Populations Respond to Change

Influenza vaccines must be planned before the season in which they will be used. As circulating viruses evolve, their surface proteins can become a poorer match for the immune response the vaccine was designed to elicit. Mutation and selection are operating over months, which makes influenza an exam

Comic frogs in the same pond use different courtship rhythms, illustrating behavioral reproductive isolation without a geographic barrier.

How New Species Form: Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

Comic broccoli, cabbage and kale pose beside a wild Brassica ancestor, illustrating different forms of one species produced through generations of selective breeding.

Artificial Selection: Examples, Breeding and Trade-Offs