Resources are unequal and activity-specific. Disposable income most directly facilitates donating; flexible time supports meetings; communication skills aid testimony and contacting. Organizations can compensate by providing transportation, childcare, translation, templates, and training. They can also reproduce inequality when leadership networks recruit people already rich in skills and status.

Mobilization is the process of activating potential participants through information, reminders, social pressure, assistance, and personal contact. A registration link reduces an administrative cost; a trusted neighbor's invitation adds accountability; transportation solves a logistical barrier. Mobilization is usually targeted because campaigns and movements have limited resources. Contacting likely supporters can increase efficiency while leaving less visible communities outside repeated political attention.

Failure to pass one bill does not prove no effect; high visibility does not prove durable institutional change. Keep the roles distinct: movements coordinate sustained change, mobilization activates particular people, civic skills increase capacity, and efficacy shapes perceived competence and responsiveness. Resources make action easier without mechanically determining who participates or what the movement achieves. To judge influence, trace the mechanism from organization to outcome: recruitment, skill development, resource provision, framing, disruption, bargaining, elections, or legal enforcement.

Video lesson: Dr Cohen on 🗳️ Political Participation Explained | Voting, Protest & Civic Engagement