DNA

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Comic DNA double helix and folded single RNA strand compare their sugar groups at the 2-prime carbon: H in DNA and OH in RNA.

DNA and RNA Structure: Key Differences and Worked Examples

A typical diploid human nucleus is only a few micrometers wide. Before replication, its DNA would stretch roughly two meters. The cell must pack that DNA, expose selected genes for reading, and copy it accurately before division. Start with the nucleotide: its sugar, phosphate, and base explain how

Handwritten crayon comic showing antiparallel DNA traffic lanes, complementary base pairs and the reverse complement 5′-CGGCAT-3′, with a raccoon traffic marshal.

DNA Strand Direction: Complement and Reverse Complement

Read DNA strand direction, write a complement or reverse complement, and calculate base percentages. Includes worked examples and nucleotide review.

Hand-sketched axolotl watches a DNA gel with negative wells above and a positive electrode below; a 200-base-pair fragment travels farther than a 900-base-pair fragment under the same suitable conditions.

Biotechnology Tools: PCR, DNA Gels and Gene Editing