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Neighboring gene markers A and B ride in a single chromosome-shaped carriage, a comic metaphor for nearby loci often being inherited together.

Linkage, Nondisjunction, and Pedigrees: Worked Examples

Humans have roughly twenty thousand genes distributed across twenty-three chromosome pairs. Hundreds of genes therefore share each chromosome. During meiosis, nearby loci can travel together, so you should check the evidence before predicting independent assortment. Offspring counts can reveal linka

Comic red and white snapdragon parents have pink offspring for incomplete dominance; a blood cell displays distinct A and B markers for codominance.

Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Patterns and Worked Examples

Try sorting everyone in a classroom into the two height categories Mendel used for his peas. Human height forms a continuous range, with most people near the middle. ABO blood types give a different pattern: A, B, AB, and O are discrete categories. To explain both, follow the route from inherited al

A raccoon detective compares observed offspring counts of 108 purple and 52 white with expected counts of 120 purple and 40 white for a chi-square test.

Chi-Square Tests in Genetics: Calculation and Examples

A worried cell in a chalk comic control room faces a growth signal stuck on and a disconnected restraint, illustrating failures of cell-cycle control.

Cancer and Cell-Cycle Control: Mutations and Checkpoints

Hand-drawn cells wait in a crowded mitosis room with a blocked exit, illustrating how mitotic arrest can increase the mitotic index without faster completed division.

Interpreting Cell-Cycle Experiments: Data and Worked Examples

Colored-pencil comic compares an animal cell pinching inward with a plant cell building a cell plate outward from the center during cytokinesis.

Mitosis and Cell-Cycle Data: Chromosome Counts and Examples

An orange cyclin docks with a turquoise Cdk enzyme that transfers a phosphate to a target; charts contrast steady Cdk protein with rising and falling cyclin levels.

Cyclins and CDKs: How They Control the Cell Cycle

A cell pauses while tiny repair-protein mechanics mend damaged DNA, illustrating checkpoint arrest before the next cell-cycle step.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints: G1, G2 and Spindle Control

Ballpoint comic shows a receptor triggering a branching phosphorylation relay and a phosphatase removing a phosphate from a target to help reset signaling.

Signal Transduction Cascades: Amplification and Control

Three hand-inked panels show an outside ligand binding a surface receptor, an intracellular relay, and a changed enzyme activity response.

Cell Signaling: Reception, Transduction and Response

Handmade comic contrasts C4 carbon capture in different cells with CAM capture at night and use by day, showing open nighttime and closed daytime stomata.

Photorespiration, C4 and CAM Photosynthesis Explained

A leaf biochemist shows five G3P packages returning to regenerate RuBP and one net G3P exported per three carbon dioxide fixed, with ATP and NADPH inputs.

The Calvin Cycle Explained: Phases, ATP and G3P