TL;DR: A vector function like r of t is really three regular functions traveling together, one for x, one for y, one for z. To differentiate it, you just differentiate each component separately and bundle the results back into a vector. That derivative is itself a vector that points tangent to the curve at that […]
TL;DR: If you ever face a rational function where the numerator’s degree is at least as big as the denominator’s, don’t jump straight to fancy techniques. Do polynomial long division first. The result splits into a plain polynomial plus a proper fraction, and each piece is easy to integrate on its own. It is the […]
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