U.S. History to 1877 | Chapter 13 | Lesson 13.6 Communal experiments tested alternatives to competitive individualism. Shakers held property communally, practiced celibacy, recognized spiritual authority in women, and built orderly villages. Their survival depended on converts rather than biological families. Brook Farm combined intellectual work and shared labor before adopting elements of Fourierist association. […]
U.S. History to 1877 | Chapter 13 | Lesson 13.5 Women’s reform work created skills and exposed inequality. Women organized fairs, raised funds, circulated petitions, wrote for publication, and spoke publicly. When American women delegates faced exclusion from full participation at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton discussed […]
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