CLEP U.S. History I 088: Free Black Communities and Racial Exclusion
U.S. History to 1877 | Chapter 16 | Lesson 16.4 Free Black populations grew through birth, manumission, self-purchase, escape, and northern emancipation. Black churches, mutual-aid societies, schools, conventions, newspapers, and abolition organizations created spaces for worship, education, political strategy, and support. Leaders such as Richard Allen, David Walker, Maria Stewart, Frederick Douglass, and many less […]
CLEP U.S. History I 087: Antebellum Urban Growth and Public Health
U.S. History to 1877 | Chapter 16 | Lesson 16.3 Ports, canal junctions, river cities, and manufacturing centers expanded quickly. Growth concentrated workers and customers, but municipal services often lagged. Crowded housing, contaminated wells, poor drainage, animals, refuse, and limited sewer systems helped disease spread. Cholera epidemics exposed inequalities: wealthy residents could sometimes leave crowded […]
