How to Determine Arc Length Using Integration
The arc length of a curve in a specified interval is calculated using the integral of the square root of the sum of the squares of the function’s derivative and \( 1 \). Arc length finds applications in physics for trajectory path lengths, engineering for material dimensions, and geometry for curve measurements in various fields including architecture and design.
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Arc length calculations are crucial in calculus for determining the exact length of irregular curves. They’re essential in computer graphics for rendering curves, in astronomy for measuring celestial paths, and in biology for analyzing structures like DNA and protein folding.
Here’s a step-by-step breakdown:
- Formula for Arc Length:
The arc length \( S \) of a curve defined by a function \( y = f(x) \) from \( x = a \) to \( x = b \) is given by:
\( S = \int_{a}^{b} \sqrt{1 + \left( \frac{dy}{dx} \right)^2} \, dx \)
If the function is given in terms of \( y \) (i.e., \( x = g(y) \)), the formula is:
\( S = \int_{c}^{d} \sqrt{1 + \left( \frac{dx}{dy} \right)^2} \, dy \) - Find the Derivative:
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- Differentiate the function \( f(x) \) to find \( \frac{dy}{dx} \).
- Substitute into the Formula:
- Replace \( \frac{dy}{dx} \) in the arc length formula with the derivative you found.
- Integrate:
- Evaluate the integral from \( a \) to \( b \). This might require numerical methods if the integral can’t be solved analytically.
- Interpret the Result:
- The result of the integration gives the length of the curve from \( x = a \) to \( x = b \).
Example:
Consider a curve \( y = x^2 \) between \( x = 0 \) and \( x = 1 \).
- Differentiate \( y = x^2 \) to get \( \frac{dy}{dx} = 2x \).
- The formula becomes \( S = \int_{0}^{1} \sqrt{1 + (2x)^2} \, dx \).
- Integrate this expression to find the arc length:
\( \dfrac{\operatorname{arsinh}\left(2x\right)}{4}+\dfrac{x\sqrt{4x^2+1}}{2} \)
\( \dfrac{\operatorname{arsinh}\left(2\right)+2\sqrt{5}}{4} \) = \(1.47\)
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