Choose the best answer, check your reasoning, and use the explanation to correct any gap.
All questions and explanations are available below. Turn on JavaScript for instant scoring.
Question 1 of 4
A. The registered denominator grew; eligible-population turnout need not have fallen
Adding eligible citizens to the roll enlarges the registered-voter denominator. With ballots and the voting-eligible population unchanged, the lower registered rate can be a denominator effect rather than a decline in participation among eligible citizens.
Question 2 of 4
B. The voting-age denominator includes different shares of adults who are not eligible
Voting-age population includes adults who may not be legally eligible. Counties with equal eligible-population turnout can therefore display different voting-age rates when the share of ineligible adults differs.
Question 3 of 4
C. A younger electorate gave stable preferences more weight
An election aggregates the ballots that are actually cast. If younger citizens become a larger share of that electorate, their existing preferences receive more weight even when no individual's candidate choice changes.
Question 4 of 4
D. Measured differences account statistically for part of the association, not a proven pathway
The measured covariates statistically account for part of the original education-turnout association. Adjustment alone cannot determine whether a variable mediates an educational effect, confounds the relationship, reflects selection, or plays some combination of those roles.